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  1. He does not know or accept that information is a physical phenomenon properly included within the scope of physics, first defined by Claude Shannon in "A Mathematical Theory of Communication". If information can only be semantic he cannot conceive of studying information non-semantically. For those that persist in doing so anyway, they must be denying the existence of semantic information. Then he has the additional problem, how is it possible for purely semantic information to have physical consequences such moving one's limbs and communicating thoughts in speech or writing? The new mental force or substance bridges the gap between semantic meaning and physical causation. Binswanger also misuses the concept of irreducible in the context of the axiomatic concept of consciousness. What is epistemologically irreducible is not necessarily physically or metaphysically irreducible. Life is also an axiomatic concept but it is absurd to claim living things are not composed of physical parts that can be studied. This line directly addresses the title of the thread: Consciousness is epistemologically irreducible because it is axiomatic but it is an error to claim consciousness is physically or metaphysically irreducible.
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