Owning Land?

Snerd,

Thanks for your input. I will say now only that I disagree with your analysis.

Fair enough. I don’t expect an answer to this, but I just wanted to add that academic economics typically uses a very “rationalistic” approach to argument. By this, I mean abstract but without a check that the abstractions are confirmed by reality. A journalist would take the opposite approach: empirical, but sometimes jumping to unjustified abstractions. Both are to be guarded against.

 

Consider a journalist trying to prove that land-ownership has caused a huge disparity in wealth that has been compounded over generations. He may start with the ten richest people in the country and demonstrate that their wealth is primarily the result of the original unfair land-ownership granted to their great-great-great grandfather. he would show that this is true of specific billionaires: Bill Gates, Warren Buffet, Larry Ellison, the Koch brothers, the Walton family, Bloomberg, Zuckerberg, the Google pair. Failing here, he might focus on the more moderately rich. he might focus on the 250K + plus crowd. He might try to show that these people who work for banks, and consultancies, and live in New York apartments also own decently large land-holding (more than any modest farmer). That’s the type of reality-check that can make a theory really convincing.

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Nicky,

I’ve gone over this before but I’ll try once more.

A slave owner will claim that a slave is his property. He believes he has a right to gain slaves, to keep them, to use them and dispose of them as he sees fit. This is entirely consistent with your definition of property rights being a right to action and not to a thing.

Up to this point, the answer to the question what is ownership does not tell us whether the claim of ownership is moral or based on reason.

Your self-sustaining action criteria doesn’t help us either. A looter can claim theft is self-sustaining from his perspective, a person who kills sick people to reduce the demand on a medicine he needs is acting in a self-sustaining manner.

The moral criteria is and should be acting in ones rational self-interest. That means living by a morality based on logic, which is non-contradictory- the result being a harmonious value system.

Economic rent - how is it paid? It is deducted from production. Land yields nothing without labour and capital. It is labour and capital led by intelligent minds that creates material values which should in their entirety belong to those who created them. Economic rent can only be paid for via redistribution of produced material values from producers to land controllers, by force. If one refused to pay it, the land controller can forcibly prevent the producer from creating material values.

A government which taxes it’s people collects unearned material values which it did not produce, by force. This is regarded as forced labour. The fact many people don’t see paying taxes as forced labour doesn’t change the reality of what it is.

Land controllers who collect economic rents from producers, are collecting unearned material values which they did not produce, by force. This is regarded as forced labour. The fact that many people don’t see the payment of economic rents as forced labour doesn’t change the reality of what it is.

If you do respond, I would like you to show why the reasoning for taxes does not apply to economic rents.

Don’t tell me it’s because producers benefit from paying economic rent by being allowed to occupy land. That would be no better than justifying taxation on the basis that producers benefit from paying taxes because they get government services in return.

I want to address a point Harrison made earlier, about the labour theory of value.

I subscribe to the Objectivist reasoning that it is man’s mind - his intelligence which is at the root of material values. However without actually bringing these ideas to life, they are impotent. The kind of Objectivist intelligence is a practical intelligence.

It is only through mans mind and his exertions that he can create things of value to him. Labour is the expression of mans intelligence, it is also the root of the creation of all capital.

Labour is sometimes denigrated because there is the fallacious view it is unthinking muscle work. Certainly some labouring does fall into this criteria, however it is ultimately the sole means by which the ideas of intelligent individuals are brought into being - the means by which that intelligence is applied to reality. A capitalist who utilises capital must get the capital first, it is labour that is the practical means of creating it (combined with an intelligent mind).

All Randian heros are intelligent but also practical. They are always hands on.

Nicky,

I’ve gone over this before but I’ll try once more.

A slave owner will claim that a slave is his property. He believes he has a right to gain slaves, to keep them, to use them and dispose of them as he sees fit. This is entirely consistent with your definition of property rights being a right to action and not to a thing.

Up to this point, the answer to the question what is ownership does not tell us whether the claim of ownership is moral or based on reason.

Your self-sustaining action criteria doesn’t help us either. A looter can claim theft is self-sustaining from his perspective, a person who kills sick people to reduce the demand on a medicine he needs is acting in a self-sustaining manner.

They can claim. But anyone can claim anything. I can claim that the Moon is made of cheese, and that cheese, in large enough quantities, dictates moral laws.

Declaring that someone can claim something is not an argument. Are YOU claiming that theft or killing sick people is self sustaining action? Is that a position you’re taking, should I bother arguing against it?

Of course it isn’t. I would reason that theft and murder are evil.

In trying to condemn me you are condemning yourself, as based on your criteria so far anyone can claim a right to action with regards to anything - though we are discussing property so I would prefer us to keep the focus on that. Claiming the Moon is made of cheese is a statement about what something is and not what gives us a right to action with regards to it - this was my point before about you not getting what the question is asking.

What makes it a moral claim when I say this property is mine or that land is?

And you have dodged my challenge to you in the previous post. Why, I wonder?

“The source of property rights is the law of causality. All property and all forms of wealth are produced by man’s mind and labor.” Galt’s Speech.

All property and all wealth is man-made.

Land is not man-made.

What is the origin of a Land ownership claim?

 

The aluminum atoms that comprise the body of an iphone were not man-made.

 

What is the origin of an aluminum ownership claim?

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Hi Marc,

 

Ultimately the aluminium was taken from the land via the use of intelligence, physical exertion and capital (that capital itself having its origin in intelligence and physical exertion).

 

The aluminium was the wage a mining business earned as a result of the exertions of individuals in extracting it from the land. At this point it became the mining company’s property. The company then trades it, giving the rights to that aluminium over to Apple (in exchange for money). 

 

In taking the source material from the land, presuming no force was directed against individuals, there were no rights violated.

 

Let me know if this needs further clarification.

Hi Marc,

 

Ultimately the aluminium was taken from the land via the use of intelligence, physical exertion and capital (that capital itself having its origin in intelligence and physical exertion).

 

The aluminium was the wage a mining business earned as a result of the exertions of individuals in extracting it from the land. At this point it became the mining company’s property. The company then trades it, giving the rights to that aluminium over to Apple (in exchange for money). 

 

In taking the source material from the land, presuming no force was directed against individuals, there were no rights violated.

 

Let me know if this needs further clarification.

 

The aluminum was not a wage. A wage is something you’re paid by another person in a trade for your labor. You’re (are you the OP?) drawing a distinction where there isn’t one.

 

The land becomes a produced value when you start to extract the aluminum. I pressed OP on this point earlier. Make sure to note that OP is using ‘land’ to refer to an untouched strip of the earth. He responded:

 

 

“Could you explain why is a glass man-made but a sowed field is not?”

I believe this is your misunderstanding. But let me try once more.

A sowed field and a glass are both man-made.

As per Galt - it is rooted in the law of causality.

What caused the sowed field to come into existence? Was it a natural phenomena occuring spontaneously? Was it God? Or the idea of a man who put into practice through his effort?

What caused the glass to come into existence? Was it a natural phenomena occuring spontaneously? Was it God? Or the idea of a man who then produced it?

Now let’s turn to land.

What caused land to exist? Only if you subscribe to the primacy of consciousness fallacy can you claim that it was man’s mind.

 

He compares the potential value, land, with the produced value, glass, and claims that there’s a difference between the two. Of course there is. The correct comparison is between the land and the sand of which the glass is made, not between land and a glass.

 

This all relates to the creation of new property, which is why Locke is talking about the creation of value out of a state of nature (out of a state in which no one already owned the land). Once the land is owned, what basis is there for initiating force against the owner and expropriating its value from its owner? Or is it claimed that land isn’t a value? If that’s the case, I’ll be glad to take any land anyone owns off of their hands for free. The OP never answered, how can man have a right to his house if he doesn’t have a right to the ground his house is on? How can you have a right to a field of planted crops but not a right to the field?

 

When man discovered the existence of pools of oil below the surface of the ground, the government rightfully began to issue property rights over the discovered pools. Despite having existed prior to man, the oil became a value and this was the basis of the property right. It was only because of man’s mind and the discovery of how to use the oil that the value was created and the oil became property.

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Eiuol, apologies I missed your post:

 

“It’s not the land per se that you own. What you own is a right to action over an area of land. It isn’t the soil itself that matters here. The production involved originates in figuring out to make use of the space. Farmland is an easy example to discuss, because to farm requires knowing how to properly prepare the area so crops can grow.”

 

What do you think gives us a right to action over an area of land, and what do you think is the extent of that right?

What do you think gives us a right to action over an area of land

 

Everything that you do, must be done somewhere.  What would it mean to have the right to do X, so long as you didn’t do it anywhere in particular?

 

I do not know of any simpler terms I can say that in.

Hi Critical Thinker,

 

Thanks for your post. Jono is another account of mine to avoid any confusion. I disagree with your reasoning. You state:

 

“The aluminum was not a wage. A wage is something you’re paid by another person in a trade for your labor”

 

I defined in an earlier post that there are three factors of production - land, labour and capital. The return to land is economic rent, the return to labour is wages and the return to capital is interest.

 

If I collect water from a lake, the water is my wages. If I pick fruit from the forest, or kill a deer, the fruit or the deer are my wages. In a more advanced society, if I carry out process improvement for my employer my wages (the process improvements which I have created) are exchanged for money, so that my employer gets to benefit from my work and I get to benefit from their money (which in turn represents the value of their own production).

 

Aluminium _is _a wage. Someone has to work to get aluminium, and the aluminium is what they get for their work unless they then trade it. Money has no meaning without the production of material values behind it.

 

From Francisco’s ‘Money Speech’:

 

“Have you ever asked what is the root of money? Money is a tool of exchange, which can’t exist unless there are goods produced and men able to produce them”

 

Could you also explain what you mean when you say land is a ‘potential value’?

 

If you wish to focus on the sand taken from the land instead of the glass, I am happy to explore that. When someone who intends to make a glass takes sand from the land, the sand is his wage for the exertion expended in getting it and becomes his property. He then through a process of production transforms his wage - the sand - into capital - the glass which is also his property. At what point does the land become his property? If there is such a point, as I think you are asserting, what is your reasoning?

 

This is my thinking.

 

It is possible to argue that an individual gains a right to occupy land exclusively through productive use of it. Only the individuals involved in the productive use of land have a right to occupy it and that occupation right, if observed, would grant them non-interference from other men. When they cease using the land productively and leave the area, they lose their right to exclusive occupation. 

 

Economic rent - the return to land - is paid for out of the production that intelligent labour and capital makes possible. Economic rent is redistributive - basically it is no different from welfare payments, accept it is paid to landowners rather than the poor. I think that the productive should keep the full product of their work and deal with others via the Trader Principle - not via force.  It is land ownership which allows the charging of economic rent, which diminishes what producers create so that landowners can get paid ‘welfare’ (unearned income/economic rent). The charging of economic rent can cause income inequalities which includes causing poverty even amongst intelligent and productive men.

Hi Marc,

 

Ultimately the aluminium was taken from the land via the use of intelligence, physical exertion and capital (that capital itself having its origin in intelligence and physical exertion).

Is this a reply from Jon Southall? If so, why do you have two accounts and why would you reply to me using a different name? Very confusing.

As you parenthetically acknowledge, your usage of “ultimately” above is pretty loose. There is one ultimate source of property: the mind (or intelligence as you say).

Be that as it may, the point of my post was to suggest that your usage of the term “land” is just as loose. “Land” meaning: natural, pristine, untouched land; is different from real estate, or worked land, so please be clear to which you are referring. “Land” is a natural resource like bauxite is.

Are you arguing that natural resources cannot be owned or that real estate cannot be owned?

Marc,

Apologies for the two accounts issue. Previously I had an account (Jono) which I have not used for a long time. I used my laptop to respond to you (prior to that I was using my mobile) - it had remembered my log in details as Jono without my noticing it.

To get back to the matter at hand, you are not quite right that the mind is the source of property. For instance, say we both think of a concept but you make it reality; I would not rationally claim a property right to what you have thought of and created independently, even though we had the same idea.

In order to own property one must create or earn and not just think. To earn means to trade. To create material values involves the use of land, labour and capital as factors of production. Without land, labour and capital are impotent.

Land is used in the sense that it is all materials and opportunities which exist in nature.

I will answer your question later about land ownership - but for now I will ask a question:

In your view, why does Rand argue that a property right is not a right to an object, but to a right to action with regards to that object?

Reading this may be of assistance to followers of this discussion:

http://www.henrygeorge.org/pchp2.htm

Could you also explain what you mean when you say land is a ‘potential value’?

 

Sure. Land, like everything, does not have intrinsic value. It exists as a potential until it is actualized.

 

Let’s be very clear on this, are you asserting that land in the United States is not a value?

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Reading this may be of assistance to followers of this discussion:

http://www.henrygeorge.org/pchp2.htm

 

Since you have linked to this page I decided to have a look. I had suspected that there was a deeper issue associated with your want to deny property rights in land and I think I have found it. From the henrygeorge website cited above:

 

Henry George’s brand of land reform, on the other hand, establishes equal land rights for all. It gives people the freedom to take as much 0r as little land as they can productively use — provided the obligation to society is paid. Thus, it enables the economy to progress under free conditions.

 

 

Henry George proposes to “abolish all taxation save that upon land values.” […]

 

Can we call you a Georgist? If so, then our perspectives and philosophies are quite at odds. You believe that we have an “obligation to society” and that forcible taxation is moral and should be legal.

 

Objectivists are individualists. We believe that every individual is an end in themselves and that they have a moral right to the fruits of their labor, and that no one, most particularly the government, has a right to use force against us. 

 

We also don’t believe in intrinsic value. “Land” has no value until someone designates it a purpose and performs work on it. Apparently, and correct me if I’m wrong, Georgists want to collect on the value created by someone else for the “good” of society. This is wrong, in the view of Objectivists.

 

Not that you have any obligation to answer, and not that the answer should prevent anyone from having a discussion with you, I am just curious: what is your purpose here? My purpose is discuss the philosophy of Ayn Rand. Will you always be arguing against Ayn Rand from a Georgist perspective? If so, can you identify other fundamental views of hers with which you disagree? Property rights are quite fundamental in a political context but there are other principles of ethics, epistemology and metaphysics which are even more fundamental – I have mentioned a few above.

I will go ahead and answer your other post but I’m afraid we will be constantly at loggerheads with regard to this issue if there are even more fundamental disagreements. 

 

In order to own property one must create or earn and not just think.

But we were talking about the “ultimate” source of property and wealth. Man’s basic means of survival is reason. Labor, capital, production, and most certainly creation do not exist without reason. Labor is a necessary condition for production but not a sufficient one. Thinking is labor also, in fact it is the most important part of labor, not one’s muscles.

 

Without land, labour and capital are impotent.

This is strictly not true. One can labor and create capital morally without owning land. Without reason – land, labor and capital are impotent.

 

Land is used in the sense that it is all materials and opportunities which exist in nature.

Shall I call this the argument from nature? I thought I had disposed of it with my first post but let me be more explicit. Your original post contained what I thought looked like a syllogistic argument:

 

All property and all wealth is man-made.

Land is not man-made.

What is the origin of a Land ownership claim?

to wit:

  • All property and all wealth is man-made.

  • Land is not man-made.

  • Therefore Land cannot be property

 

Which I believe contains an equivocation between “land” and “real estate” and to illustrate the point I countered with aluminum atoms are not man-made and yet they can be owned. Thus the argument from nature (or the not man-made) is defeated.

 

Furthermore, “opportunities” do not exist in nature apart from man’s mind. Though I suppose if you don’t like this formulation, then we could say that a specific opportunity does not exist apart from the mind that thought of it.

 

In your view, why does Rand argue that a property right is not a right to an object, but to a right to action with regards to that object?

There are many answers to this question depending on context or the level of fundamentality you seek.

Metaphysically, all life is sustained by action, though I suppose this isn’t very satisfying since it doesn’t deal with man specifically.

Epistemologically, “rights” are one concept and all rights pertain only to action.

Ethically, if man wants to live, he must take certain actions in order to sustain his life.

Politically, rights are moral sanctions to take those actions, and a proper government is created in order to protect those actions from the interference of others. In regard to property, those actions are the right to keep, use and dispose of your property as you see fit.

If someone had a right to a thing and wasn’t willing to put in the work needed to gain it, then someone else would have to provide it for them.

What would Georgists say? That everyone has a right to “land” (a thing)? Or is it just that everyone has a right to demand “rent” (a thing, money or tax) from those that are putting land to productive use?

 

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Critical Thinker - thanks for clarifying. I think land has potential value as you define it. 

Hi Marc,

 

I appreciate you taking the time to respond. 

 

I am not a Georgist; I said in an earlier post I accept George has identified a problem, but that I disagreed with his remedy for reasons I will not go into now. If you were to read Progress and Poverty, you will probably be surprised to see a considerable overlap between George’s approach and Rand’s - they are very consistent I would say, until George discusses his remedy the Land Value Tax. Very few Objectivists who I have discussed this with have actually read Progress and Poverty from start to finish and this shows in the quality of the understanding they demonstrate.

 

I love Objectivism. I query the land issue because it seems that George’s reasoning is sound and at odds with Objectivist reasoning. If I check the premises, I find weaknesses in the Objectivist position; so I want to explore Objectivist reasoning further. Perhaps I haven’t understood it. Perhaps Objectivists needs to revisit their position on this topic and explore the implications of that. Hence the value of this discussion from my perspective, and hopefully from the perspective of other posters here too.

 

You wrote:

 

“You believe that we have an “obligation to society” and that forcible taxation is moral and should be legal.” This demonstrates to me that you have not understood the context. Would I be right if I presumed you have not read Progress and Poverty

 

The Georgist position is that landowners have an obligation to pass any economic rent on to those who gave rise to it. They consider those who have collected economic rents to have done so by force - the force exists because either producers pay it or they are forced to move to another location - if one exists. Therefore the use of force (via a Land Value Tax) in repatriating that wealth, to those who produced it, is considered no less moral than a policeman using force to liberate stolen property and returning it to its rightful owner. Georgists are actually against all other kinds of taxation for the same reasons that Objectivists are. 

 

"Objectivists are individualists. We believe that every individual is an end in themselves and that they have a moral right to the fruits of their labor, and that no one, most particularly the government, has a right to use force against us. "

 

I agree with that.

 

“We also don’t believe in intrinsic value. “Land” has no value until someone designates it a purpose and performs work on it. Apparently, and correct me if I’m wrong, Georgists want to collect on the value created by someone else for the “good” of society. This is wrong, in the view of Objectivists.”

 

I don’t believe in intrinsic value either. 

 

I will correct you - Georgists do not want to collect on the value created by someone else for the “good” of society. What you are drawing a parallel to are altruists, and the reasoning behind the Georgist position is not altruistic. The Georgist position is actually arguing against the force-backed rights of landowners to take material values away from producers, for nothing more than giving them permission to produce in that location. Who wants to live by permission?

 

You state “we believe that every individual is an end in themselves and that they have a moral right to the fruits of their labor, and that no one, most particularly the government, has a right to use force against us” You cannot have your cake and eat it. If you truly believe this, as I do, then how can you support a practice which involves making producers pay landowners to be granted by those landowners permission to produce? Do you only have a moral right to the fruits of your labour if you pay someone for it?

 

 

As I wrote earlier, I love Objectivism. I am not here to reject Objectivism, Ayn Rand or argue from an -ist position. Rand voiced her support of the homesteading principle as the basis for land ownership rights. To a degree I agree with this. However I see shortcomings too.

 

  • Under the Objectivist position, a Government must act as a custodian of the land - this is to quickly establish objective means by which use of the land can be established by individuals concerned, but it is silent on land disputes between governments. How does one resolve those disputes?

 

  • Ignoring this issue, say you accept the Government can be a custodian, the principle is then if you are using the land productively, you are granted a title to it. Rand says a period of five years or so should be sufficient but this is uncharacteristically arbitrary. Why five years and not ten? Why not only for the period in which it is used productively? Why does working for five years grant someone a claim to unearned income via economic rents in perpetuity?

 

These are issues I find difficult with the Objectivist position on land. As an Objectivist, frankly this concerns me.

 

"

Without land, labour and capital are impotent.

This is strictly not true. One can labor and create capital morally without owning land. Without reason – land, labor and capital are impotent."

 

You have changed my statement, your reasoning does not hold when you consider what I wrote originally. I wrote “without land” - I did not mention ownership. Without land, you are like an astronaut who has by accident found himself floating in space. Without help, you will perish quickly no matter how much you think or move your limbs around. Having access to land (as defined earlier) is essential for life. 

 

You write further:

 

“Which I believe contains an equivocation between “land” and “real estate” and to illustrate the point I countered with aluminum atoms are not man-made and yet they can be owned. Thus the argument from nature (or the not man-made) is defeated.”

 

Aluminium atoms are not man-made. If I produce aluminium for use in production, then my exertion is the basis for my claim to have a right to gain, keep, use or dispose of the aluminium I produced (the aluminium being my wage). I was the cause of earning that aluminium by means of my exertion. It is not a right to the object I have- the aluminium atoms (which cannot be owned), but a right to action with regards to the aluminium atoms. This is consistent with Rand’s and George’s definitions. Can you see now why I asked why Rand specifically stated a right is a right to action with regards to the object, and not to the object. How could you own the aluminium atoms - they are not man-made - they are Land. 

I am not a Georgist; I said in an earlier post I accept George has identified a problem, but that I disagreed with his remedy for reasons I will not go into now.

Can you sum-up, perhaps in one or two sentences apiece, what the problem is (as it pertains to Ayn Rand’s position on private property), what his solution is, and since you disagree with his solution, what your solution is please?

 

 

I don’t quite understand why are you directing us to read his book if you disagree with his solution? Perhaps it would be better to just quote the one or two or three paragraphs you think would be useful. 

 

No, I haven’t read the book and, I’m sorry to say, I probably will not in the near future. I am confident that I understand the proper basis of property rights and many of its applications. I agree with Ayn Rand on the issue, and until someone brings to my attention a legitimate challenge to this understanding I will not be changing my position. What you have said so far hasn’t caused me to question what I know to be true. (No disrespect intended).

 

The Georgist position is that landowners have an obligation to pass any economic rent on to those who gave rise to it. They consider those who have collected economic rents to have done so by force - the force exists because either producers pay it or they are forced to move to another location - if one exists. Therefore the use of force (via a Land Value Tax) in repatriating that wealth, to those who produced it, is considered no less moral than a policeman using force to liberate stolen property and returning it to its rightful owner. Georgists are actually against all other kinds of taxation for the same reasons that Objectivists are. 

This is too abstract to comment on, you should ground what you are talking about in a real life hypothetical. What is economic rent? And who “gave rise to it”? Let us just use the concept “rent”, with which we are all familiar.

 

“They consider”??? Did someone actually use force or not? If so, that is already illegal. When living in an apartment, if you don’t pay the rent you voluntarily agreed to, you are the one using force. 

This is starting to sound suspiciously similar to the libertarian argument against intellectual property: that it is the government using force against the people who actually created the wealth (those who stole the intellectual property of someone else and copied it). This, of course, is just as backwards as the above, and also conforms to the labor theory of value: that value is created, fundamentally, by the muscles.

 

 

You state “we believe that every individual is an end in themselves and that they have a moral right to the fruits of their labor, and that no one, most particularly the government, has a right to use force against us” You cannot have your cake and eat it. If you truly believe this, as I do, then how can you support a practice which involves making producers pay landowners to be granted by those landowners permission to produce? Do you only have a moral right to the fruits of your labour if you pay someone for it?

I don’t approve of anyone “making” (i.e., using force against) anyone do anything. Producers only have to pay landowners if they agree voluntarily to do so. If you don’t want to pay me for the use of my land, then go get your own. Of course then you’ll have to do what I had to do to get land. One cannot get land by doing nothing. In a proper society, you can lay a claim by working the land and registering its extent with the government, or you can do some other kind of work and pay for a piece of property (which has already been registered), both are legitimate (and, by the way, an advantage of a division of labor economy). I don’t see the problem.

 

  • Under the Objectivist position, a Government must act as a custodian of the land - this is to quickly establish objective means by which use of the land can be established by individuals concerned, but it is silent on land disputes between governments. How does one resolve those disputes?

 

  • Ignoring this issue, say you accept the Government can be a custodian, the principle is then if you are using the land productively, you are granted a title to it. Rand says a period of five years or so should be sufficient but this is uncharacteristically arbitrary. Why five years and not ten? Why not only for the period in which it is used productively? Why does working for five years grant someone a claim to unearned income via economic rents in perpetuity?

 

These are issues I find difficult with the Objectivist position on land. As an Objectivist, frankly this concerns me.

Well then don’t worry because these are not Objectivist positions.

 

“This is strictly not true. One can labor and create capital morally without owning land. Without reason – land, labor and capital are impotent.”

 

You have changed my statement, your reasoning does not hold when you consider what I wrote originally. I wrote “without land” - I did not mention ownership. Without land, you are like an astronaut who has by accident found himself floating in space. Without help, you will perish quickly no matter how much you think or move your limbs around. Having access to land (as defined earlier) is essential for life.

Please forgive me, but I don’t think I did change what you said, because I don’t see how what you said can mean anything at all if it doesn’t refer to “owning land” – after all, isn’t that the title of this thread, which you created?

 

This conversation is starting to get bizarre, it is floating, like your astronaut. So there would still be an earth and we humans would still be living on it but no one would own the land that comprises the earth. If no one owns the land, then why should anyone be paying rent to anyone? You need to see what kind of strange consequences can come from this view … oh, you do:

 

Aluminium atoms are not man-made. If I produce aluminium for use in production, then my exertion is the basis for my claim to have a right to gain, keep, use or dispose of the aluminium I produced (the aluminium being my wage). I was the cause of earning that aluminium by means of my exertion. It is not a right to the object I have- the aluminium atoms (which cannot be owned), but a right to action with regards to the aluminium atoms. This is consistent with Rand’s and George’s definitions. Can you see now why I asked why Rand specifically stated a right is a right to action with regards to the object, and not to the object. How could you own the aluminium atoms - they are not man-made - they are Land.

Wow, please excuse me, but this truly one of the strangest things I’ve ever heard. 

 

I can own my iphone, but I cannot own the aluminum atoms of which it is comprised? So I can own my iphone and not own it at the same time???

 

Rights and ownership are two different things. Yes, I have a right to work, to earn money, but nobody owes me a job and they have not violated my rights if they don’t hire me. But if I earn the money, then it is mine, I own it. Then I further have the right to trade that money for an iphone, but only if someone voluntarily sells it to me. If they do, then I own it and I own the aluminum atoms of which it is comprised. I can keep them and let them sit unused, I can use them and be productive with them, I can dispose of them by throwing the phone in the ocean, or I can trade them to someone else, and then they will own them. 

 

If land and aluminum atoms cannot be owned, then nothing can be owned. We all know what a system of no private property leads to: stagnation and death.

Marc,

 

Economic rent is meant in a specific way. It is a technical term used by economists and differs significantly from what the layperson understands rent to be. 

 

By means of example - I currently pay rent to live in a three bed maisonette on the outskirts of London. Let’s say I pay £2,000 pcm. The layperson would say I pay £2,000 in rent.

 

The economic rent is not £2,000. The £2,000 is separable into wages (to the landlord for providing services), interest (to the landlord for providing the home - the asset - his capital) and economic rent (to the landowner to buy his permission to live in that location). Let’s say the wages are £250, the interest is £300 meaning the economic rent is £1,450 pcm. Georgists object to the landowner collecting this £1,450 pcm. They have no issue with the collection of the other £550 is this would be the result of a trade - the individual-as-service-provider and capital-renter has a moral entitlement to it. Georgists object to the individual-as-landowner collecting the £1,450 pcm as the only reason they can collect it, is the fact they can forcibly prevent someone from using the land unless they do pay it. It is therefore coercive and immoral.

 

Now I imagine you will claim “but a tenant voluntarily agrees to pay the economic rent, they enter into a contract!”

 

The logic behind such a claim would be utterly flawed.

 

Consider someone who is looking for land in order to produce material values, through their own effort directed by their own intelligence. Landowners demand economic rent on all of the land in the location they want to work. The more valuable the location, the more economic rent they will pay. The producer voluntarily accepts one plot of land knowing full well the value of their production will be reduced by economic rent. Does this mean that the economic rent is uncoerced? Of course it doesn’t.  

 

Consider someone who is looking for work. There are four jobs on offer. The government deducts taxes from all four jobs via an income tax. The individual voluntarily accepts one of those jobs knowing full well that their earnings will be reduced by income taxes. Does this mean that the tax is uncoerced? Of course it doesn’t. You could not call yourself an Objectivist if you argued otherwise. The logic is the same in both instances, but in one case you argue that the coercion is just, in the other unjust. This is a contradiction - I am drawing your attention to it. How will you resolve it?

 

Let’s explore the Georgist and Objectivist arguments. I wrote before they are more similar than you think.

 

Rand reasons that “The right to life is the source of all rights—and the right to property is their only implementation. Without property rights, no other rights are possible. Since man has to sustain his life by his own effort, the man who has no right to the product of his effort has no means to sustain his life”.

 

George reasons "What constitutes the rightful basis of property? What allows someone to justly say, “This is mine!”? Is it not, primarily, the right of a person to one’s own self? To the use of one’s own powers? To enjoy the fruits of one’s own labor? Each person is a definite, coherent, independent whole. Each particular pair of hands obeys a particular brain and is related to a particular body. And this alone justifies individual ownership.

 

As each person belongs to himself or herself, so labor belongs to the individual when put in concrete form. For this reason, what someone makes or produces belongs to that person — even against the claim of the whole world. It is that person’s property, to use or enjoy, give or exchange, or even destroy. No one else can rightfully claim it. And this right to the exclusive possession and enjoyment wrongs no one else. Thus, there is a clear and indisputable title to everything produced by human exertion."

 

The two lines of reasoning seem in agreement so far. Both Rand and George argue that the individual’s right to his own life is the source of all other rights. Both Rand and George argue that a person has a right to what he has produced by his own effort, led by his own mind. 

 

Rand stated “Man has to work and produce in order to support his life. He has to support his life by his own effort and by the guidance of his own mind. If he cannot dispose of the product of his effort, he cannot dispose of his effort; if he cannot dispose of his effort, he cannot dispose of his life. Without property rights, no other rights can be practiced.”

 

George argued: "This right of ownership springing from labor excludes the possibility of any other right of ownership. A person is rightfully entitled to the product of his or her labor (or the labor of someone else from whom the right has been received).

 

It is production that gives the producer the right to exclusive possession and enjoyment. If so, there can be no right to exclusive possession of anything that is not the product of labor. Therefore, private property in land is wrong.

 

The right to the product of labor cannot be enjoyed without the right to free use of the opportunities offered by nature. To admit a right to property in nature is to deny the right of property as the product of labor. When non-producers can claim a portion of the wealth created by producers — as rent — then the right of producers to the fruits of their labor is denied to that extent."

 

Rand stated: “If some men are entitled by right to the products of the work of others, it means that those others are deprived of rights and condemned to slave labor.”

 

She also stated:

 

"A right is the sanction of independent action. A right is that which can be exercised without anyone’s permission.

 

If you exist only because society permits you to exist—you have no right to your own life. A permission can be revoked at any time.

 

If, before undertaking some action, you must obtain the permission of society—you are not free, whether such permission is granted to you or not. Only a slave acts on permission. A permission is not a right."

 

Are these two positions as fundamentally opposed as you claim them to be? Both George and Rand argue against anyone being admitted a right to dispose of the product of producers. Neither Rand nor George thought producers needed permission to produce. Rand has identified the Government as the main culprit of coercion (via taxation) - George also identified Landowners as main culprits (via economic rent). George seems to have identified that both landowners and governments apply coercion to take away the product of producers. I am not therefore claiming Rand’s reasoning was wrong but it appears she did not identify the full implications of her line of reasoning.

 

You said above the Objectivist positions I set out were not Objectivist positions. I believe you are incorrect. Can you point me to your sources of what the Objectivist position on land ownership is?

 

Finally, you wrote:

 

"Rights and ownership are two different things. Yes, I have a right to work, to earn money, but nobody owes me a job and they have not violated my rights if they don’t hire me. But if I earn the money, then it is mine, I own it. Then I further have the right to trade that money for an iphone, but only if someone voluntarily sells it to me. If they do, then I own it and I own the aluminum atoms of which it is comprised. I can keep them and let them sit unused, I can use them and be productive with them, I can dispose of them by throwing the phone in the ocean, or I can trade them to someone else, and then they will own them. 

 
If land and aluminum atoms cannot be owned, then nothing can be owned. We all know what a system of no private property leads to: stagnation and death."

 

In my judgement, you have not understood what I was arguing.

 

I agree with the first paragraph above. There is no discrepancy with what I was arguing in the previous post. The final sentence (if land and aluminium…) shows you have not understood the argument. I’ll explain it again.

 

Aluminium can be owned but what is a property right? It is not a right to the object - the aluminium - but a right to action. That is Rand’s reasoning - which I agree with. That means you have no right to aluminium. You do have a right to gain aluminium, keep it, use it or dispose of it through the act of producing or earning it. Through becoming your wages you gain property rights to the aluminium you produced, as per my previous post. 

 

It also means you have no right to land, which includes aluminium atoms. You do have a right to gain land, keep it, use it or dispose of it through the act of producing or earning it. If that were possible. Land both pre-exists and is a pre-requisite of production so it is not possible. It is not therefore possible to own land under Rand’s and George’s criteria.  

 

This does not mean it is impossible to own anything. Anything made by man, can be owned as private property.