Vik Posted December 21, 2015 Report Share Posted December 21, 2015 By "universal", I am referring to the object of the problem of universals. I'm looking at how one could use Ayn Rand's solution to clarify some issues. preliminaries "An entity is that which you perceive and which can exist by itself. Characteristics, qualities, attributes, actions, relationships do not exist by themselves." [Ayn Rand, Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology, workshops, "What is an entity?"] Whether or not the entities responsible for a specific effect are known, there is something acting in a certain manner. Any concept we form on the basis of concepts of entities can be applied to those kinds of entities going forward. Causality is the law of identity applied to action. Not every "universal" is suitable for scientific investigation: Invalid concepts arrest further advancement. They directly lead to false theories, such as "phlogiston" or Cartesian "vortices". Particulars must qualify as units of a valid concept. The concept of the universal must be such that one can objectively determine (i.e. through a process of measurement-inclusion) whether some particular thing qualifies as a member. Leonard Peikoff, David Harriman, and others have touched on this. Explicit knowledge of conceptual context can help reach true conclusions about the nature of the causation, thus providing a solid basis for induction. If you have valid concepts, what makes one "universal" more suitable for investigation than another? What is not attributable to entities does not easily offer generalization. The more abstract a concept is, the more levels of abstraction one must traverse in order to interpret factual data about perceptual concretes. The more room there is for error, the more easily one can misinterpret factual data or jump beyond what the evidence affords. Is it better to focus on concepts "closer" to the perceptual level? Is it better to focus on concepts of perceivable attributes, actions, processes, relationships, etc.? Distinguishing a substance from entities yields definition but few generalizations. Investigation of a specific kind of attribute, action, process, or relationship provides necessary foundation for explanation. The history from the gas laws to statistical mechanics and atomic theory come to mind. In the 1500s, people knew that liquid water became steam but little else. With the gas laws and the concept of constituents of matter, we could explain boiling as the activity of the constituents overcoming atmospheric pressure. What is not measurable cannot be quantitatively compared to other instances. This severely limits the range of what can be discovered. It would be better to find the Conceptual Common Denominator, such as what was done for heat, for sound, and for electromagnetism. What is measurable in more than one dimension requires more work to explain. Some scientists who encountered a pair or triple of attributes attempted to separate them experimentally, as Galileo did with horizontal/vertical motion and Francis Bacon did in his scientific work. Other scientists found themselves unable to separate certain measurements so they looked for quantitative relationship(s) instead, such as Boyle, Amontons, Charles, and Gay-Lussac did when investigating gases. Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Plasmatic Posted December 25, 2015 Report Share Posted December 25, 2015 (edited) Vik said: Quote What is not attributable to entities does not easily offer generalization. The more abstract a concept is, the more levels of abstraction one must traverse in order to interpret factual data about perceptual concretes. The more room there is for error, the more easily one can misinterpret factual data or jump beyond what the evidence affords. Is it better to focus on concepts "closer" to the perceptual level? Is it better to focus on concepts of perceivable attributes, actions, processes, relationships, etc.? Distinguishing a substance from entities yields definition but few generalizations. Here again it seems that there is a category problem. All existents are entity dependent. There are no substances that are not instantiated by entities. There are no generalizations that are not attributable via reduction to entities. It's mandatory to focus on perceptible categories because all the concepts applied to imperceptibles are derived from perception. There is no class of predicates that are semantically excluded from this epistemic fact. Edit: I do realize that you said : "Whether or not the entities responsible for a specific effect are known, there is something acting in a certain manner. Any concept we form on the basis of concepts of entities can be applied to those kinds of entities going forward." Edited December 25, 2015 by Plasmatic Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Vik Posted December 25, 2015 Author Report Share Posted December 25, 2015 34 minutes ago, Plasmatic said: Vik said: Here again it seems that there is a category problem. All existents are entity dependent. There are no substances that are not instantiated by entities. There are no generalizations that are not attributable via reduction to entities. It's mandatory to focus on perceptible categories because all the concepts applied to imperceptibles are derived from perception. There is no class of predicates that are semantically excluded from this epistemic fact. Edit: I do realize that you said : "Whether or not the entities responsible for a specific effect are known, there is something acting in a certain manner. Any concept we form on the basis of concepts of entities can be applied to those kinds of entities going forward." I do NOT dispute that every valid concept is reducible to perceptual-concretes. I do NOT dispute that all concepts rest ultimately on a concept of entity. I'll re-cap before going forward: Every time you try to interpret an observation, you have to traverse a suspension bridge of knowledge until you reach the concept of the effect you're trying to learn about. Man is NOT immune to error at any level of abstraction. It takes time to validate a link. The longer the suspension bridge, the more links you have to validate. Man can only hold so much in his mind at once, despite the unit-economy gains from concepts. My question is about efficiency. If you're trying to select an effect to investigate, is it better cognitively to focus on concepts as close to the perceptual level as possible to minimize the time spent validating links? Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Plasmatic Posted December 25, 2015 Report Share Posted December 25, 2015 (edited) Vik said: Quote I do NOT dispute that every valid concept is reducible to perceptual-concretes. I do NOT dispute that all concepts rest ultimately on a concept of entity. But you are disputing that the primary-metaphysical status of the concept entity is objective. You just don't realize it yet. See my response in the "electron" thread. Edited December 25, 2015 by Plasmatic Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Vik Posted December 25, 2015 Author Report Share Posted December 25, 2015 7 hours ago, Plasmatic said: Vik said: But you are disputing that the primary-metaphysical status of the concept entity is objective. You just don't realize it yet. See my response in the "electron" thread. I said that I was using "entity" to mean what Rand meant. If you try to use "entity" to mean something else, you're going to have to tell me what you're talking about. Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Vik Posted December 25, 2015 Author Report Share Posted December 25, 2015 Rand said: Quote When you talk about discovering the ultimate constituents of the universe, remember that in order to discover them, no matter by what calculations or by what machinery, you had to bring them to your perceptual level. You would have to say "this particle" is that which acts in such and such a way on subatomic particles, which act in such and such a way on atoms, which act in such and such a way on molecules, and all of that results in a material object such as this glass as distinguished from other material objects such as this ashtray. Unless you bring it back to the perceptual level, it's not knowledge. This is what I mean by having to "traverse a suspension bridge of knowledge" every time you try to interpret an observation. Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
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